![]() This movement among various host plants can increase the chances of other leafhopper vectors acquiring aster yellows. In North America, the main vector of aster yellows phytoplasma is the migratory Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Forbes)-the aster leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), a polyphagous species with over 300 host plants, and a broad geographic distribution Macrosteles quadrilineatus may move between different crops, between fields, and into field edges to feed on grasses and weeds. Movement of phytoplasmas in agroecosystems is primarily facilitated by polyphagous leafhoppers feeding locally on infected host plants, and seasonal migrations of some leafhopper species from overwintering to summer habitats. Polyphagous leafhoppers can acquire phytoplasma from crops or weedy host plants and then spread it among susceptible crop fields or between the field and field edge. If a leafhopper feeds on an infected plant, the phytoplasma must successfully migrate to the salivary glands before transmission is possible. Not all leafhoppers can transmit aster yellows, which may be associated with a narrow diet breadth, where the leafhoppers do not feed on the infected plant or do not feed on the phloem of the infected plant. It is vectored by at least 24 leafhoppers, which must acquire the phytoplasma from the environment by feeding on infected plants, since phytoplasmas are rarely transovarial. Aster yellows has been reported to reduce yields by 10% and is one of the most widespread phytoplasmas, affecting 14 vegetable crops across various plant families. Even when infected crops reach harvest, they are often unmarketable. quadrilineatus should be the primary target for controlling this pathogen.Īster yellows phytoplasma ( Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) is an insect-vectored plant pathogen which causes a variety of symptoms including yellowing, virescence, phyllody, witch’s broom, and ultimately premature death. While several taxa reside in and near these crops, we did not find strong evidence that they contribute to phytoplasma infection. fabae may be a potential vector for this pathogen. quadrilineatus, but we also found that E. Our results revealed the most abundant aster yellows vector in Michigan in both crops is M. quadrilineatus (57%) and Empoasca fabae-the potato leafhopper (23%). Overall, we collected 5049 leafhoppers, with the most abundant species being M. Leafhoppers were collected within crop fields and field edges and identified with DNA barcoding. ![]() To investigate whether additional species are important aster yellows vectors, we surveyed leafhopper communities at commercial celery and carrot farms in Michigan from 2018 to 2019 and conducted real-time PCR to determine infection status. However, vegetable-associated leafhopper communities can be diverse. In the American Midwest, aster yellows is of great concern for vegetable farmers who focus on controlling one vector, Macrosteles quadrilineatus-the aster leafhopper. Pathogen management is complex and requires a thorough understanding of vector dynamics. Aster yellows phytoplasma ( Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) is a multi-host plant pathogen and is transmitted by at least 24 leafhopper species.
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